女明星撞衫大PK 白天鹅还是丑小鸭一比见分晓
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| ????? ????? | 1624 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| ??? | 87.5 ??"? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ???? | 85 ????? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| ? ????? | 1,694,251 (1 ?????? 2020) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ? ?????? | 28,873.0 ??? ???"? (2020) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ??????????? | 40°43′42″N 73°59′39″W / 40.728333333333°N 73.994166666667°W | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ???? ??? | UTC -5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ??? ?-1.6 ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? 59 ??"?. ??? ??, ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????, ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?-100,000 ???? ????.
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???? ?????? ????????? ????????, ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? "?????". ???? 1524 ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? – ?'????? ?? ???????. ?? ???, ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?-11 ??????? 1609. ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????, ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????.
????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? 1624, ?? ????? ???? "????? ?????", ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????, ??-30 ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???. ???? 1625 ???? ???? ????? "??? ???????" (????????: Nieuw Amsterdam) ????? ???, ?????? ???? ???????, ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????. ???? 1626, ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? 60 ??????? (?????? ?????? ?-24 ??????[2]), ???? ????? ????? ??????? 1,000 ????[3].
???? 1647 ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? 1652 ????? ?????? ???? ????, ??-2 ??????? 1653 ?????? ????[4]. ???? 1664 ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????-?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?"??? ????" ?? ?? ?'???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????[5]. ?????? ????? ???????, ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????????[6]. ???? 1673, ????? ????? ?????–?????? ???????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?"??? ?????'", ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???, ???? 1674.
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[????? ??? ???? | ?????]???? 1765 ????? ?????? "?????? ??????", ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? "??? ??????", ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????: "??? ????? ??? ?????". ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ???. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? "??? ??????", ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????.
????? ?????? ?????????, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?'???, ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?-16 ??????? 1776, ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????, ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????[7]. ?-21 ??????? ???? ???, ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????, ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? 25 ??????? 1783 ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????????, ?'???' ?????????, ???? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ?"??? ??????"[8].
?-11 ?????? 1785 ?? ???? 1788 ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????????, ????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????. ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?-4 ???? 1789 ?? 12 ??????? 1790. ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????[9]. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????, ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????.
???? ?-19
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??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? 1825, ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????. ???? 1835 ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????. ????? ????, ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? 1858, ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? 59 ?-110.
????? ????? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????, ????? ???????, ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?-300 ????, ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????. ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?-13 ????? 1863. ????? ??????? ????? ?-119 ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????, ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????.
???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????, ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ?????? ?-28 ???????? 1886, ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????.
???? 1874 ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ???? ??? ????, ??-1895 ???? ??????? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ????? "??? ???? ????" ???? 1898, ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ?-1 ?????? 1914 ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????, ???? ??? ????.
???? ?-20
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???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????, ????? ????? ???? 1904, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????. ?-25 ???? 1911 ???? ???? ????? ???????' ????' ??? ???? 146 ????? ?????. ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????, ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????. ???? 1925, ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????-???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????.
???? 1934 ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????, ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????, ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????. ????? ??????, ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????, ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? – ???? ????? ???????, ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?'? ??.
???? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????, ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? 1951.
????? ???? ?-60 ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????, ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ???? 1965, ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?-70 ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????. ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????. ?????? ??, ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ???????, ???????? ??????? ???? ????. ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????, ????? ???.
????? ?-80, ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ??????? ??????. ?? ???, ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ???? 1993 ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??-?????? ????? ??????? ????, ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? 6 ????? ??????? ???? ?-1,000. ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?'?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????. ????? ???, ??? ?'?????? ?????? ????? ???????, ??? ?? ?? ??? ????, ????? ??????. ????? ???, ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???, ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????, ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????. ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? (???? ?????, ???????, ???? ????? ??????) ???? ?? ????? ????? ????????.
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????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?-21, ?? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? – ?????? 11 ???????. ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ????????? ??????? ???????? ??-?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???. ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? 2,996 ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?-17 ??????? (?????? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? 2008), ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????: ??? ??????? ???? ????, ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?-30 ??????? ???? (???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???), ??-430,000 ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? (????? ??????). ????? ???, ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?-2,500 ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????. ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????.
?????? 2002 ???? ????? ????? ?????? ("Lower Manhattan Development Corporation – LMDC") ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????. ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? 2005, ?????? ??? ??? ???? 5 ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ?-1,776 ??? (???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????) ??? ?-541.3 ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???, ?? ??? ???? ???????.
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???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????: ??? ??????? (???? ????: "?? ???????" ??? "?? ???????"), ??? ?? ???? (???? ???? "?? ??????"), ??? ??? ???, ??? ??????, ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? 1895 ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?-20 ?????? ?????? ???????.
????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????????, ???????, ???????, ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????, ????? ?? ??? ???? ????, ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? 21.5 ?"? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?-3.7 ?"?. ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? 87.5 ??"?, ????? 59.5 ??"? ?? ???? ???? ?-28 ??"? ?? ???? ??? (?-32.01 ????? ????? ?? ?????).
????? ?????, ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????. ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?-19 ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????' ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????. ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? – ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? 917,000 ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????.
??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? (?? ????? ??? ?'???) ?????-????, ???? ????? (??? ?'???) ?????-????, ???? ?????? ?????-????, ???? ?????? ?????, ???? ????? (???????) ?????-????, ????? ???'???? (???? ??????) ?????-????.
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?????? ???? 1811 ????? ???? 12 ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????. ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? 30 ?????, ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???, ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? – ????? ??? ?????? A, B C ?-D (???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????).
?? ?? ???????, ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????-????, ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ??????? 18 ?????, ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?-60 ?????.
??? ???? ??, ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ??? 80 ????? ?? 60 ?????, ???? ???? ???? ?? 20 ???? ???????.
15 ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? (?????? 30 ?????) ???: ???? 34, ???? 42, ???? 57 ????? 125.
????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????-????? ?? ??? ????? ?????-?????. ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? – ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? 13, 14 ?????? ???????; ???? ????? ????? ????????, ????? ?????? ????? 34; ???? ????? ????? ????????, ????? ??????? ????? 42; ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? 59.
???? ????, ???? ???? – ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????
[????? ??? ???? | ?????]????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? – ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? "????" ???? ???? ?????, ?????? – "???? 27 ????", ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? "????" ????.
??????, ????????, ??????? – ???? ????, ???? ???? ????? ????
[????? ??? ???? | ?????]????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? "??????", ???? ????, ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? 59. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ("????????") ???? ????, ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? 14. ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? "??????" ??? ????????. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? "??????? ?????", ???? ????. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ("????????") ?????? ????? ???? ("???????"). ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? (???? ?????? ???? ??? "???? ????" ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????).
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[????? ??? ???? | ?????]?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ?? ????, ???? ????? ????? ??? ????, ??? ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ????. ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? 63.5 ?-88.9 ?"? ??? ??? ???.
????????? ???? ??????, ??????? ??-32 ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? 41 ????? ?????? (?-9 ????? 1936), ??????? ????? 26 ????? ?????? ???? ???? (?-9 ??????? 1934).
?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????. ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? 7 ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????[10].
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| ????????? ??? ???????, °F (°C) |
38 (3) |
40 (4) |
50 (10) |
61 (15) |
72 (22) |
80 (27) |
85 (30) |
84 (29) |
76 (24) |
65 (18) |
54 (12) |
42 (6) |
62 (17) |
| ????????? ??? ???????, °F (°C) |
25 (-4) |
27 (-3) |
35 (2) |
44 (7) |
54 (12) |
63 (17) |
68 (20) |
67 (19) |
60 (16) |
50 (10) |
41 (5) |
31 (-1) |
47 (8) |
| ???? ??????, ????'?? (?"?) |
3.4 (86) |
3.3 (84) |
3.9 (99) |
4.0 (102) |
4.4 (112) |
3.7 (95) |
4.4 (112) |
4.1 (104) |
3.9 (99) |
3.6 (91) |
4.5 (127) |
3.9 (99) |
46.7 (1,124) |
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[????? ??? ???? | ?????]?? ??????? ?????? ???? 2022 ??? ?? ???? ????[12]:
?????????? ?????? ???? ?-1.6 ?????? ??? ???. ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????.
?-35% ??????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? 20–40. 17% ???? ???? 20, ?-24% ??? ??? 60.
?????? ????? 45% ??????????? ??? ????, 12% ??????, ?-12% ???????. ??????? ?????? 26% ???????????.
?-50% ??????????? ????? ?? ??????, 37% ?? ??????, ?-9% ??????. ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? 64% ??????? ???????????.
62% ????? ?????? ???? ??, ?-21% ??????. ?-28% ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????[13].
?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?-95.8 ??? ???? ???? (???? ??-28 ??? ?"? ?????). ??? ??????? ?-32% ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?-50 ??? ???? ????, ?-27% ????? ???? ????????? ??? ?-200 ??? ???? ????.
???? ??? ???? (?????) ????? ???? ?????? ????: ???? ???? 2023 52% ??????????? ?? ?????? (???? ???????? ?? ????????). 34% ???? ???????? ????, 9% ??????[?], 3% ???????, 2% ????????? ?-1% ???????????.
????? ????????? ?????????
[????? ??? ???? | ?????]| ??? ???? | ?????????[14] | ????? |
|---|---|---|
| 1790 | 33,111 | -- |
| 1800 | 60,489 | 82.7% |
| 1810 | 96,373 | 59.3% |
| 1820 | 123,706 | 28.4% |
| 1830 | 202,589 | 63.8% |
| 1840 | 312,710 | 54.4% |
| 1850 | 515,547 | 64.9% |
| 1860 | 813,669 | 57.8% |
| 1870 | 942,292 | 15.8% |
| 1880 | 1,206,299 | 28% |
| 1890 | 1,515,301 | 25.6% |
| 1900 | 2,050,600 | 35.3% |
| 1910 | 2,762,522 | 34.7% |
| 1920 | 2,284,103 | -17.3% |
| 1930 | 1,867,312 | -18.2% |
| 1940 | 1,889,924 | 1.2% |
| 1950 | 1,960,101 | 3.7% |
| 1960 | 1,698,281 | -13.4% |
| 1970 | 1,539,233 | -9.4% |
| 1980 | 1,428,285 | -7.2% |
| 1990 | 1,487,536 | 4.1% |
| 2000 | 1,537,195 | 3.3% |
| 2010 | 1,585,873 | 3.2% |
| 2020 | 1,694,251 | 6.8% |
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?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ?? 100 ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?-200 ?????. ??? ?????? ???? ?-19 ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???-??? ????? ?? ??????. ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?-19, ???? ????? 1890–1973 ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???, ???? ????? ???? ?? 4 ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??.
????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?-94 ?????. ????? ????? ????? ???? 1890 ??? ??? 1895. ?-1955 ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????. ???? 1899 ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? 119 ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?-1908 ?????? ????? ?? 187 ?????. ????? ????? ???? ???? 1968. ??? ?????? ??? ?????, ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???[15]. ???? 1909 ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? 213 ????? ???? ????? ?????, ??????? ???????' ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? 241 ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? 1913.
????? ?-20 ?? ???? ?-20 ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? "????? ????? ?????" ???? ??? ??? – ????? ???? ????? 40 ?????? ???? 1930 ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???, ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? (?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? 1973–2001 ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????), ????? 1931 ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?-381 ?????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?-1972. ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? 415 ????? ?-417 ?????. ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????, ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? 1973 ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? 11 ???????, ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? 2014, ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? 1,776 ???, ??? ?-541 ?????.
????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????, ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????, ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????. ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?? ?-3.4 ??"? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?-226,000 ???? ?????? ?????, ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????. ??? ??? ?-18% ???? ?????, ??? ?-10.9 ????????? ??????, ?????? ???????.
????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-21 ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????, ???? ????? ?? 182 ????? ???? ???? ????????, ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????. ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?-20% ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????.
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??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? 7 ???? 8 ????? ?????? ??????? ????? (?????? ???????? ????? ??????), ???????? ?? 5 ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? (?????? ?-50% ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????)[16] ????? ???, ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????"? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???. ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????.
?????? ?????? ???? ????"? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????. ?? ???? ???? ??? 20.3% ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????. ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????. ???? 2004 ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?-25,874 ????. ????? "??? ???? ????" ????? ????? ?????, ??? ?? ???? ??? ?-100,000 ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?-90,000 ????. ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?-47,030 ????, ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?-50,229 ????. ?? ???, ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?-42,922 ????, ??-17.6% ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????[17].
????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????, ??-2.3 ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??. ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????, ?? ?-1.46 ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??, ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? 3 ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? (???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????) ????? ?? ?-480,000[18]. ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????, ????? ????? ??????? ???????. ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ?????? "Silicon Alley", ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? "Silicon Valley" ??????????.
?????
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?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????. ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????. ???? ??? ???? ???? "??? ????????" ("???? ?????????") ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? 100 ?? 500 ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??-12 ????? ??????, ??????????? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?-240 ?????? ????.
????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????, ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????, ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ??????? ???? ??? ????, ??????? ?? ????, ??????? ????? ??????, ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????.
???? 2006 ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
?????
[????? ??? ???? | ?????]???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?-NBA, ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????, ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????'??. ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????, ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????. ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????.
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[????? ??? ???? | ?????]????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???. ??? ??? ???? 2001 ???? ?????? ????? ????? 88% ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ???? 2022 ???? ?-44% ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????, 18% ?????? ????, ??? 6% ?????? ??????[12].
????? ?????? ?? ??? ????, ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????. ??? ???, ?-40% ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????, ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? PATH ("???", ???? ????? ?? Port Authority Trans-Hudson) ?????? ??? ????? ?-6 ????? ????? ??? ?'???, ????? ?????? 24 ???? ?????. ????? ???, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? (????? ?? ????? ?????) ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????[19].
??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?-5 ????. ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????, ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?-19 ?????? ???[20]. ???? ????? PATH, ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?'??? ?? ????? ????? ???????, ????? ????? ?? 2.4 ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?-120,000 ??? ??? ????, ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????[21]. ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?-2 ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?-80,000 ??? ???.
????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????. ???? 2004 ???? ?????? ?????????? ?-740 ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???'??. ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?-13,000 ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????, ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????.
????? ??????
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?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????, ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????, ??????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????.
?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?'??????, ????? ????????? ?? ??? ????, ??? ???? ????? ???????, ?????????? ?????, ?????????? ????, ??????????? ??? ?'??. ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????, ????? ?????, ????? ?'?? ?'?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????. ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?-226,000 ???????, ???? ??? ????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????????? ????????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ????????.
???? 2003 ??? ?-52.3% ?????? ????? ??? 25 ????? ???? ???? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? 2005 ??? ?-60% ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??-25% ??? ???? ????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????.
?????? ?????? ?-35 ??????, ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????, ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????. ???? ??, ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????, ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??"? ???????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????.
??? ??????
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360° – ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? (2005)
???????? ????? ?????? ?'? ?? (2005)
??? ??
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[????? ??? ???? | ?????]- ???? ????, ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????, ?????? ?'???????? ?????, ?????? 136, ?????? 2009
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??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? (???????)- ??? ?????
- ?????? ?? ????? – ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? 1901 ??????
- ?????? ?? ?????
- ?????, ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
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[????? ??? ???? | ?????]- ^ ?????? ????? ??????? ?? 20% ??????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????, ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????, ?? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???????
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[????? ??? ???? | ?????]- ^ ????? ?? ????? ?'???.
- ^ ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? 60 ???????.
- ^ ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????
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- ^ ???? 8 ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????
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- ^ "????? ?????? ??? ??????"
- ^ ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????.
- ^ ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????.
- ^ ?????? ???????? - ?????? ?????? ????
- ^ 1 2 Census profile: Manhattan borough, New York County, NY, Census Reporter (???????)
- ^ Manhattan Population 2024, worldpopulationreview.com
- ^ ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????
- ^ ???????? ????, ????? ????? - ??? ????? ??? ????, ???? ??? 1967 ??? ?????
- ^ Business in NYC – Financial Services .
- ^ Income Soars on Wall St., Widening Gap
- ^ Commuting shifts in top 10 metro areas
- ^ The MTA Network, Metropolitan Transportation Authority
- ^ Facts About the Ferry, New York City Department of Transportation
- ^ Lincoln Tunnel Historic Overview, NYCRoads.com
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