???'?? ??????

???'?? ??????
Richard Matthew Stallman
	??????, 2019
	??????, 2019
????	16 ???? 1953 (?? 72); ?????, ??? ????
?? ????	Richard Matthew Stallman
?????	????? ?????
???? ??????	??????
?????	rms
?????	?????????? ???????; ????? ????????? ?? ???'????; ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ;
?????	?????? ??????
????? ????	??????
????? ??????	????? ??????? (1990); ??? ACM ?????? ????? (2015); ??? ???? ???? ???????? (1999); Takeda Awards (2001); ???? ?????? ?? ???????? (2013); ??? ????? ???? (1990); ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? (1998) ;
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	stallman.org

百度　　根据中国疾病控制中心发布的数据统计,2013年至2017年,全国共有3820人死于狂犬病,死亡人数居于乙类传染病前列。

???'?? ??'?? ?????? (???????: Richard Matthew Stallman, ????? ????? ?????? rms; ???? ??16 ???? 1953) ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? 1983 ??? ?? ?????? GNU ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???.

???????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? GNU, ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??copyleft (???? ??GPL) ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? Emacs, ????? GCC ????? ??????? GDB.

??1985 ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? (FSF) ????? ?? ????? ?? GNU.

????????

?????? ???? ??????, ??? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????. ??1958 ?????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ???? 12 ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????, ?? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ??????? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????, ???'?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? IBM ?????? ???? ?????? ????? IBM 7094. ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? PL/I ???? ???? IBM System/360.

???? 1971, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? MIT ???? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????, ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??RMS, ???? ?????? ?? ???, ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????. ??1974 ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??MIT.

????? ?????? ??????? GNU

??? ????? – ????? ?????? ???? ????

?????? ???? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? "?????????" ?"???? ?????". ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????. ????? ??????, ??? ??1982 ??? ??? 1983, ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? GNU ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? UNIX.

??1985 ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? (GNU Manifesto), ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???. ??? ??? ??? "?????? ?? ????? ???????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????". ??? ?????? ??????? ?? GNU ????? ?????? ??? ??????? "?????, ?????, ????? ?????", ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??"?, ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????. ????? ??, ??? ??? ?????? ??copyleft (???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? "copyright", ??? ?????? ?"?????? ??????"), ??? ????? ???? ????? ??GPL, ??? "??????? ??????? ????? ?? GNU".

?? ?? ????? ??, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????:

????? 0: ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????, ??? ????.
????? 1: ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? 1.
????? 2: ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????.
????? 3: ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????.

?? ??????? ??? ???:

????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???. […] ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???, ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????, ?[??] ?? ???? ????? ????? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????. ?? ????? ?????? ???. ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? – ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?-1968. ?? ?? ?? ??????. ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? GNU, ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

— ???'?? ??????, ??????? "????? ????????"

????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? "????? ?????? ??????" (FSF), ???? ??? ????? ????, ??? ???? ????? ????????, ????? ???????? ??????? ???. ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????. ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????.

???? 1991 ??? ??? "??? ?????? ???????".

??????

?????? ????? ???? ???????, ??? ??????????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????.

??????

?????? ????? ?????? ??? "??????" ?? ??? ???? ????? GNU ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???\?????? (???????: GNU/Linux "??? ??? ??????").

?????? ???? ?? ?????? "??????" ??? ??? ???? ??????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????. ?????? ???, ????? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? GNU. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? GNU/LINUX, GNU+Linux ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????.

????? ????? ?????????????

?????? ???? ?? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????, ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ????. ??? ?? ???, ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????.^[1]

????? ???

?????? ????? ?????? ???. ?????? ?????? ???? Mashable ??2010 ???: ”??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???. ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???”.

???? ?????? ???????

?? ???? ?????? ???????: ”??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ?????? ?-i [iPhone, iPad.. ?.?.], ??????? ???? ?? ???. ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????. ?????, ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? '?????' (Jail-break) ?? ??????. ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???: ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ??????. ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ?? ????, ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????.”^[2]

?????

??2011 ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ???????? ?????????, ??? ??? ????? BDS, ?? ?????????, ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????????????? ??????.^[3] ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????: ”??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??.”^[4] ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????.^[5]

?????? ?-MIT ?-FSF

??16 ??????? 2019 ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??MIT ?-FSF, ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?'??? ???????.^[6] ???? 2021 ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????^[7] ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? (?-3% ???? ??????? ????).^[8]

?????? ????????

?????? ??? ?? ????? POSIX – ??? ??API ?????? ?? ??? ?????? UNIX.
?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????, ?????? ???????.
?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????.
?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????.

?????

????

Stallman, Richard M (2015). Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman (Third ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: GNU Press. ISBN 978-0-9831592-5-4.

???????

Stallman, Richard M (1980). EMACS: The Extensible, Customizable, Self-Documenting Display Editor. Cambridge Massachusetts: MIT: MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory publication. AIM-519A.
Stallman, Richard M (2002). GNU Emacs Manual. Boston, Massachusetts: GNU Press. ISBN 1-882114-85-X.
Stallman, Richard M; McGrath, Roland; Smith, Paul D (2004). GNU Make: A Program for Directed Compilation. Boston, Massachusetts: GNU Press. ISBN 1-882114-83-3.

??? ??

?????? ?????

Gerard O’Regan, Giants of Computing – A Compendium of Select, Pivotal Pioneers, Springer, 2013, pp. 243–245.

??????? ????????

???'?? ??????, ???? ??????? ??? (??????)
???'?? ??????, ???? ??????? Goodreads
??? ???????? ????? ?? ???'?? ?????? (???????)
???'?? ??????, ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
???? ???'?? ?????? ??????? ??????? (???????)

?????

???? ????????, "????????? ??? ?????", ???? nana10‏, 25 ??????? 2007 – ????? ?? ???'?? ??????
????? ???? ?????? ???? (2011), ????? ???? ??????
?? ???, ?? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????, ???? "????? ????????" (????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???)
Free as in Freedom Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software

????? ??????

^ Richard Stallman, Free software free society : selected essays of Richard M. Stallman, Third edition, Boston, MA, 2015, ISBN 978-0-9831592-5-4
^ [????? ???????? 286: ???? ???? ?? ?????? – ???'??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? (?.?.)], ???? ??? ????? ????????
^ ???? ????, ???'?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????, ???? ????, 29 ???? 2011
^ Edward Aronovich, FW: I have to cancel the speeches at universities, ‏Sun May 29 01:26:34 IDT 2011
^ Palestine Trip, www.stallman.org
^ ???? ????, ???'?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????, ???? ????, 17 ??????? 2019
^ Statements by other organizations on the reappointment of RMS to the FSF board, rms-open-letter.github.io (???????)
^ FSF board frequently asked questions (FAQ) — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software, www.fsf.org

[1] Richard Stallman, Free software free society : selected essays of Richard M. Stallman, Third edition, Boston, MA, 2015, ISBN 978-0-9831592-5-4

[2] [????? ???????? 286: ???? ???? ?? ?????? – ???'??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? (?.?.)], ???? ??? ????? ????????

[3] ???? ????, ???'?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????, ???? ????, 29 ???? 2011

[4] Edward Aronovich, FW: I have to cancel the speeches at universities, ‏Sun May 29 01:26:34 IDT 2011

[5] Palestine Trip, www.stallman.org

[6] ???? ????, ???'?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????, ???? ????, 17 ??????? 2019

[7] Statements by other organizations on the reappointment of RMS to the FSF board, rms-open-letter.github.io (???????)

[8] FSF board frequently asked questions (FAQ) — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software, www.fsf.org

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

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