???'?? ??????

???'?? ??????
Richard Matthew Stallman
	??????, 2019
	??????, 2019
????	16 ???? 1953 (?? 72); ?????, ??? ????
?? ????	Richard Matthew Stallman
?????	????? ?????
???? ??????	??????
?????	rms
?????	?????????? ???????; ????? ????????? ?? ???'????; ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ;
?????	?????? ??????
????? ????	??????
????? ??????	????? ??????? (1990); ??? ACM ?????? ????? (2015); ??? ???? ???? ???????? (1999); Takeda Awards (2001); ???? ?????? ?? ???????? (2013); ??? ????? ???? (1990); ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? (1998) ;
?????
	stallman.org

百度十、信息技术处拟订人事考试信息化建设规划和信息标准，承担人事考试信息系统的日常运行维护工作；参与人事考试信息资源的综合开发利用；负责中国人事考试网、内部网络和协同办公平台的建设、开发和管理；负责信息设备、备份容灾、外网服务、邮箱等的运行、安全和维护；负责内部信息技术支持。

???'?? ??'?? ?????? (???????: Richard Matthew Stallman, ????? ????? ?????? rms; ???? ??16 ???? 1953) ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? 1983 ??? ?? ?????? GNU ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???.

???????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? GNU, ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??copyleft (???? ??GPL) ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? Emacs, ????? GCC ????? ??????? GDB.

??1985 ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? (FSF) ????? ?? ????? ?? GNU.

????????

?????? ???? ??????, ??? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????. ??1958 ?????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ???? 12 ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????, ?? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ??????? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????, ???'?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? IBM ?????? ???? ?????? ????? IBM 7094. ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? PL/I ???? ???? IBM System/360.

???? 1971, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? MIT ???? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????, ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??RMS, ???? ?????? ?? ???, ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????. ??1974 ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??MIT.

????? ?????? ??????? GNU

??? ????? – ????? ?????? ???? ????

?????? ???? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? "?????????" ?"???? ?????". ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????. ????? ??????, ??? ??1982 ??? ??? 1983, ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? GNU ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? UNIX.

??1985 ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? (GNU Manifesto), ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???. ??? ??? ??? "?????? ?? ????? ???????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????". ??? ?????? ??????? ?? GNU ????? ?????? ??? ??????? "?????, ?????, ????? ?????", ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??"?, ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????. ????? ??, ??? ??? ?????? ??copyleft (???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? "copyright", ??? ?????? ?"?????? ??????"), ??? ????? ???? ????? ??GPL, ??? "??????? ??????? ????? ?? GNU".

?? ?? ????? ??, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????:

????? 0: ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????, ??? ????.
????? 1: ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? 1.
????? 2: ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????.
????? 3: ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????.

?? ??????? ??? ???:

????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???. […] ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???, ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????, ?[??] ?? ???? ????? ????? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????. ?? ????? ?????? ???. ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? – ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?-1968. ?? ?? ?? ??????. ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? GNU, ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

— ???'?? ??????, ??????? "????? ????????"

????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? "????? ?????? ??????" (FSF), ???? ??? ????? ????, ??? ???? ????? ????????, ????? ???????? ??????? ???. ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????. ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????.

???? 1991 ??? ??? "??? ?????? ???????".

??????

?????? ????? ???? ???????, ??? ??????????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????.

??????

?????? ????? ?????? ??? "??????" ?? ??? ???? ????? GNU ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???\?????? (???????: GNU/Linux "??? ??? ??????").

?????? ???? ?? ?????? "??????" ??? ??? ???? ??????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????. ?????? ???, ????? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? GNU. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? GNU/LINUX, GNU+Linux ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????.

????? ????? ?????????????

?????? ???? ?? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????, ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ????. ??? ?? ???, ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????.^[1]

????? ???

?????? ????? ?????? ???. ?????? ?????? ???? Mashable ??2010 ???: ”??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???. ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???”.

???? ?????? ???????

?? ???? ?????? ???????: ”??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ?????? ?-i [iPhone, iPad.. ?.?.], ??????? ???? ?? ???. ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????. ?????, ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? '?????' (Jail-break) ?? ??????. ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???: ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ??????. ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ?? ????, ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????.”^[2]

?????

??2011 ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ???????? ?????????, ??? ??? ????? BDS, ?? ?????????, ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????????????? ??????.^[3] ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????: ”??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??.”^[4] ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????.^[5]

?????? ?-MIT ?-FSF

??16 ??????? 2019 ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??MIT ?-FSF, ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?'??? ???????.^[6] ???? 2021 ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????^[7] ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? (?-3% ???? ??????? ????).^[8]

?????? ????????

?????? ??? ?? ????? POSIX – ??? ??API ?????? ?? ??? ?????? UNIX.
?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????, ?????? ???????.
?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????.
?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????.

?????

????

Stallman, Richard M (2015). Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman (Third ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: GNU Press. ISBN 978-0-9831592-5-4.

???????

Stallman, Richard M (1980). EMACS: The Extensible, Customizable, Self-Documenting Display Editor. Cambridge Massachusetts: MIT: MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory publication. AIM-519A.
Stallman, Richard M (2002). GNU Emacs Manual. Boston, Massachusetts: GNU Press. ISBN 1-882114-85-X.
Stallman, Richard M; McGrath, Roland; Smith, Paul D (2004). GNU Make: A Program for Directed Compilation. Boston, Massachusetts: GNU Press. ISBN 1-882114-83-3.

??? ??

?????? ?????

Gerard O’Regan, Giants of Computing – A Compendium of Select, Pivotal Pioneers, Springer, 2013, pp. 243–245.

??????? ????????

???'?? ??????, ???? ??????? ??? (??????)
???'?? ??????, ???? ??????? Goodreads
??? ???????? ????? ?? ???'?? ?????? (???????)
???'?? ??????, ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
???? ???'?? ?????? ??????? ??????? (???????)

?????

???? ????????, "????????? ??? ?????", ???? nana10‏, 25 ??????? 2007 – ????? ?? ???'?? ??????
????? ???? ?????? ???? (2011), ????? ???? ??????
?? ???, ?? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????, ???? "????? ????????" (????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???)
Free as in Freedom Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software

????? ??????

^ Richard Stallman, Free software free society : selected essays of Richard M. Stallman, Third edition, Boston, MA, 2015, ISBN 978-0-9831592-5-4
^ [????? ???????? 286: ???? ???? ?? ?????? – ???'??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? (?.?.)], ???? ??? ????? ????????
^ ???? ????, ???'?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????, ???? ????, 29 ???? 2011
^ Edward Aronovich, FW: I have to cancel the speeches at universities, ‏Sun May 29 01:26:34 IDT 2011
^ Palestine Trip, www.stallman.org
^ ???? ????, ???'?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????, ???? ????, 17 ??????? 2019
^ Statements by other organizations on the reappointment of RMS to the FSF board, rms-open-letter.github.io (???????)
^ FSF board frequently asked questions (FAQ) — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software, www.fsf.org

[1] Richard Stallman, Free software free society : selected essays of Richard M. Stallman, Third edition, Boston, MA, 2015, ISBN 978-0-9831592-5-4

[2] [????? ???????? 286: ???? ???? ?? ?????? – ???'??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? (?.?.)], ???? ??? ????? ????????

[3] ???? ????, ???'?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????, ???? ????, 29 ???? 2011

[4] Edward Aronovich, FW: I have to cancel the speeches at universities, ‏Sun May 29 01:26:34 IDT 2011

[5] Palestine Trip, www.stallman.org

[6] ???? ????, ???'?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????, ???? ????, 17 ??????? 2019

[7] Statements by other organizations on the reappointment of RMS to the FSF board, rms-open-letter.github.io (???????)

[8] FSF board frequently asked questions (FAQ) — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software, www.fsf.org

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

什么组词	深海鱼油什么牌子好	usp是什么意思	胃窦炎吃什么药效果最好	抽筋吃什么药
什么牌子的益生菌调理肠胃比较好	什么运动使人脸部年轻	小钙化灶是什么意思	cefiro是什么品牌	骨髓捐赠对自己有什么影响没有
三尖瓣反流是什么意思	人际关系是什么意思	爱放屁什么原因	蟾蜍属于什么动物	19岁属什么的生肖
梦见大蟒蛇是什么征兆	怀孕吃辣对胎儿有什么影响	什么叫肾阳虚肾阴虚	胆结石忌吃什么	第二名叫什么

罘是什么意思hcv8jop8ns2r.cn	腹膜转移是什么意思helloaicloud.com	排卵期会有什么症状weuuu.com	热毛巾敷眼睛有什么好处cj623037.com	精液长什么样hcv8jop0ns2r.cn
四大皆空是什么生肖hcv9jop0ns1r.cn	吃榴莲对女人有什么好处hcv8jop3ns0r.cn	什么啤酒好hcv9jop3ns2r.cn	肠炎什么症状xinjiangjialails.com	芭乐是什么hcv8jop2ns6r.cn
麻是什么原因hcv9jop5ns9r.cn	为什么会口臭hcv8jop0ns2r.cn	全科医学科是什么科hcv8jop0ns7r.cn	嘴巴里面起泡是什么原因引起的hcv9jop7ns4r.cn	吃什么对喉咙好hcv9jop4ns8r.cn
什么是正月hcv9jop3ns5r.cn	小舌头学名叫什么hcv8jop0ns8r.cn	同人小说是什么意思hcv7jop6ns1r.cn	中期唐氏筛查查什么hcv7jop7ns0r.cn	吃榴莲对女人有什么好处hcv9jop8ns2r.cn